![]() In this paper we has learned about comparison between EKF and UKF and there performances. INTRODUCTION The PN that is introduced by the oscillators reduces the performance of high speed communication and it is the major problem introduced by oscillator during the transmission of signals at the transmitter and receiver antennas in radio transmission this is discussed in paper. Keywords: EKF-extended kalman filter, UKF-unscented kalman filter, PN-phase noise, MSE-minimum mean square error, BER-bit error rate, SNR-signal noise ratio I. In this paper we are proposing unscented Kalman Filter to track the phase noise introduced by independent transmit and receive oscillators in multiple-input multiple-output transmission. To overwhelm the limitation in EKF we use UKF.The unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) is one of the best filter compared with EKF which it overcomes the drawbacks of EKF. The suboptimal method with static loop gain as well as forward and reverse filter algorithm is used to reduce the complexity of system. Forward and backward kalman filter is used to estimate the phase vector by considering time instants. The Phase Noise which is introduced by the independent-oscillator is heavy and not good for the system, for that purpose we are using EKF. Multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) channels are widely used to increase the spectral efficiency in coherent communication system. ![]() An overview of various techniques of optimization have been studied, effects of different parameters on the quality output parameters are discussed and appropriate range is suggested based on the literature review. Based on the weight age the parameters and method of optimization is suggested. The study is limited for Carbon steel sheets having thickness up to 6mm. In this paper weight age of input variables, output variables and optimization technique is discussed per literature. Various optimization techniques are available to finalize the parameters, which are Taguchi DOE, Taguchi Grey based, ANN network, surface response methodology, regression analysis, mathematical modeling, etc. This method to find out combination of variables such that the value of input is lower and output is higher is called an optimization. Higher quality of the joints is ensured by accurate combinations of these variables. These factors are affected by different welding input process variables or their combinations such as welding voltage, welding current, wire feed rate, welding speed, etc. The quality of joints is dependent on various factors such as tensile strength of the joint, microstructure, hardness and penetration of the joint. It is essential to have an appropriate quality of welded joints for each application. This process is also employed for thickness of sheets from lower to higher thickness. ![]() There is wide range of applications of MIG welding to join similar as well as dissimilar materials. Metal inert gas welding is one of the important joining processes in the industry. Prioritizing of these factors showed that there are three vital few factors (Manpower, Machine and Environment) which if tackled could solve 90 % of the problems of premature failure of tractors and thus avoiding the perpetuation of the existing situation. Results revealed five primary factors (Material, Machine, Manpower, Method and Environment) responsible for the operational weaknesses of SONALIKA tractors. Organization of root causes was done using ISHIKAWA diagram. Interviews were carried out to get root causes of breakdown then prioritized using Pareto chart. Questionnaires were administered to respondents (tractor operators and mechanics) and data collected was analysed using SPSS and Microsoft office excel. This study seeks to contribute to the improvement of the shelf life of SONALIKA tractors in the five Agro-ecological zones of Cameroon by identifying and prioritizing the primary causes (hardware link or software link) of tractor breakdown and proposing solutions to main faults on the hardware and software components. Unfortunately, a certain number of these tractors (30%) were found abandoned after a short period of time in the field due to numerous constraints such as the lack of proper training of drivers, the scarcity of spare parts, the poor quality of the machine and the poor land preparation, just to name a few. One of these attempts was the recent distribution of SONALIKA brand tractors of different horse power (DI 60, DI 75, DI 90) to farm operators in order to improve the level of farm mechanization. The level of agricultural mechanization in Cameroon for the past decades has faced an improvement though not significant and despite repeated attempts of the government to improve the sector.
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